簡介在bash腳本編程中,條件結(jié)構(gòu)體使用if語句和case語句兩種句式。 if語句單分支if語句if TEST; then CMD fi TEST:條件判斷,多數(shù)情況下可使用test命令來實(shí)現(xiàn),返回值為0的話則執(zhí)行CMD,否則就離開該條件結(jié)構(gòu)體,腳本繼續(xù)往下執(zhí)行。 [root@c7-server ~]# cat test.sh #!/bin/bash if id zwl &> /dev/null; then echo "User zwl exists." fi [root@c7-server ~]# bash test.sh User zwl exists. 雙分支if語句if TEST; then 為真執(zhí)行CMD-TRUE,為假執(zhí)行CMD-FALSE。 [root@c7-server ~]# cat test.sh #!/bin/bash read -p "Pleas input a user name:" name if id $name &> /dev/null; then echo "User $name exists." else echo "User $name doesn't exists." fi [root@c7-server ~]# bash test.sh Pleas input a user name:zwl User zwl exists. [root@c7-server ~]# bash test.sh Pleas input a user name:alongdidi User alongdidi doesn't exists. 多分支if語句if TEST1; then CMD1 elif TEST2; then CMD2 elif TEST3; then CMD3 ... else CMD-LAST fi 當(dāng)TEST1為真時(shí)執(zhí)行CMD1,否則判斷TEST2;當(dāng)TEST2為真時(shí)執(zhí)行CMD2,否則判斷TEST3;以此類推,都不符合條件的話則執(zhí)行CMD-LAST。 判斷文件類型的示例。 #!/bin/bash read -p "Please input only a absolute file path:" file if [ -z $file ]; then echo "You must input something." exit 2 fi if [ ! -e $file ]; then echo "No such file $file" elif [ -d $file ]; then echo "File $file is a directory." elif [ -L $file ]; then echo "File $file is a symbolic." elif [ -b $file ]; then echo "File $file is a block special file." elif [ -c $file ]; then echo "File $file is a character special file." elif [ -S $file ]; then echo "File $file is a socket file." elif [ -f $file ]; then echo "File $file is a regular file." else echo "File is unrecognized." fi 執(zhí)行示例。 [root@c7-server ~]# bash test.sh Please input only a absolute file path: You must input something. [root@c7-server ~]# bash test.sh Please input only a absolute file path:passwd No such file passwd [root@c7-server ~]# bash test.sh Please input only a absolute file path:/etc/passwd File /etc/passwd is a regular file [root@c7-server ~]# bash test.sh Please input only a absolute file path:/root/ File /root/ is a directory. [root@c7-server ~]# bash test.sh Please input only a absolute file path:/etc/rc.local File /etc/rc.local is a symbolic. 字符鏈接文件也可以被認(rèn)為是普通文件(regular),因此建議將普通文件的判定放置在較靠后的位置。 注意:if語句是可以嵌套的。 [root@c7-server ~]# cat test.sh #!/bin/bash if [ -e /dev/sda ]; then if [ -b /dev/sda ]; then echo "It's a block file." fi fi [root@c7-server ~]# bash test.sh It's a block file. 其他示例編寫一個(gè)腳本,僅可接收一個(gè)參數(shù),此參數(shù)應(yīng)是一個(gè)用戶名稱。判斷該用戶名是否存在,若存在則輸出用戶的信息,否則就創(chuàng)建該用戶并設(shè)置默認(rèn)密碼(password)。 #!/bin/bash if [ $# -ne 1 ];then echo "You must input just one argument!" exit 2 fi if id $1 &> /dev/null; then id $1 else useradd $1 echo "password" | passwd --stdin $1 &> /dev/null fi 編寫一個(gè)腳本,接收兩個(gè)數(shù)值類參數(shù),并輸出其中較大的那個(gè)。 #!/bin/bash if [ $# -ne 2 ]; then echo "Please input exact two number arguments." exit 1 fi if [ $1 -eq $2 ]; then echo "Number $1 and $2 are equal." elif [ $1 -gt $2 ]; then echo "The greater is $1." else echo "The greater is $2." fi 編寫一個(gè)腳本,接收一個(gè)用戶名作為參數(shù),并判斷其奇偶性。 [root@c7-server ~]# cat even_odd_if.sh #!/bin/bash if [ $# -ne 1 ]; then echo "You must input just one argument." exit 1 fi var=$[$(id -u $1)%2] if [ $var -eq 0 ]; then echo "The UID of $1 is even." else echo "The UID of $1 is odd." fi 編寫一個(gè)腳本,接收兩個(gè)文件名作為參數(shù),返回文件的行數(shù)以及判斷哪個(gè)文件的行數(shù)比較多。 #!/bin/bash if [ $# -ne 2 ]; then echo "You must input exat 2 arguments." exit 1 fi if [ ! -e $1 -o ! -e $2 ]; then echo "File $1 or/and $2 doesn't/don't exist[s]." exit 2 fi line1=$(wc -l $1 | cut -d " " -f 1) line2=$(wc -l $2 | cut -d " " -f 1) echo "The lines of $1 is $line1" echo "The lines of $2 is $line2" if [ $line1 -gt $line2 ]; then echo "$1 has more lines." elif [ $line1 -lt $line2 ]; then echo "$2 has more lines." else echo "They have same lines." fi 編寫一個(gè)腳本,傳遞一個(gè)用戶名作為參數(shù)給腳本,判斷用戶的類型。 UID=0:管理員 UID=1~999:系統(tǒng)用戶 UID=1000+:普通用戶 #!/bin/bash if [ $# -ne 1 ]; then echo "You must input exact one argument." exit 1 fi if ! id $1 &> /dev/null; then echo "You must input an existed username." exit 2 fi userId=$(id -u $1) if [ $userId -eq 0 ]; then echo "$1 is a admin user." elif [ $userId -lt 1000 ]; then echo "$1 is a system user." else echo "$1 is a normal user." fi 編寫一個(gè)腳本,展示一個(gè)菜單供用戶選擇,菜單告知用戶腳本可以顯示的系統(tǒng)信息。 #!/bin/bash cat << EOF disk) Show disk infomation. mem) Show memory infomation. cpu) Show cpu infomation. *) QUIT! EOF read -p "Your option is: " option if [ -z $option ]; then echo "You input nothing,QUIT!" exit 1 elif [ $option == disk ]; then fdisk -l elif [ $option == mem ]; then free -m elif [ $option == cpu ]; then lscpu else echo "You input a illegal string,QUIT now!" fi 在后面學(xué)習(xí)了循環(huán)之后,可以加上循環(huán),使得用戶在輸入錯(cuò)誤的情況下,反復(fù)讓用戶輸入直到輸入正確的選項(xiàng)。 #!/bin/bash cat << EOF disk) Show disk infomation. mem) Show memory infomation. cpu) Show cpu infomation. *) Again! EOF read -p "Your option is: " option while [ "$option" != disk -a "$option" != mem -a "$option" != cpu -o "$option" == "" ]; do echo "You input a illegal string. Usage {disk|mem|cpu}, case sensitive." read -p "Your option is: " option done if [ $option == disk ]; then fdisk -l elif [ $option == mem ]; then free -m elif [ $option == cpu ]; then lscpu fi 這個(gè)腳本的難點(diǎn)我覺得在于while循環(huán)中的判斷應(yīng)該怎么寫,$option是否應(yīng)該加引號(hào)、字符串匹配右邊的字符(如disk)是否需要加引號(hào)、使用單中括號(hào)還是雙中括號(hào)、使用單引號(hào)還是雙引號(hào)。我也是一遍遍試直到瞎貓碰到死耗子才寫出來符合自己需求的bash代碼。 具體涉及的難點(diǎn)包括但《Bash腳本編程學(xué)習(xí)筆記04:測試命令test、狀態(tài)返回值、位置參數(shù)和特殊變量》文章開頭說的那些,因此這里無法為大家做到準(zhǔn)確的分析。
case語句像上述腳本中,我們反復(fù)對一個(gè)變量做字符串等值比較并使用了多分支的if語句。此類情況我們完全可以使用case語句來代替,使其更容易看懂。 其官方語法如下: case word in [ [(] pattern [| pattern]…) command-list ;;]… esac case會(huì)將word和pattern進(jìn)行匹配,一旦匹配到就執(zhí)行對應(yīng)的command-list,并且退出。 pattern基于bash的模式匹配,即glob風(fēng)格。 pattern至少一個(gè),可以有多個(gè)使用“|”分隔。 pattern+command-list成為一個(gè)子句(clause),如下。 [(] pattern [| pattern]…) command-list ;; 每個(gè)子句,都會(huì)以“;;”或者“;&”或者“;;&”結(jié)束?;旧现粫?huì)使用“;;”。 ;;:決定了一旦word第一次匹配到了pattern,就執(zhí)行對應(yīng)的command-list,并且退出。
;&和;;&:而這兩個(gè)是不會(huì)在第一次匹配到就立刻退出的,還會(huì)有其他后續(xù)的動(dòng)作,幾乎很少用到,有需要的可以去看手冊。
word在匹配前會(huì)經(jīng)歷:波浪符展開、參數(shù)展開、命令替換、算術(shù)展開和引號(hào)去除。 pattern會(huì)經(jīng)歷:波浪符展開、參數(shù)展開、命令替換和算術(shù)展開。 當(dāng)word的值是一個(gè)通配符的時(shí)候,表示默認(rèn)的case。類似多分支if語句最后的else。 來個(gè)官方示例,簡單易懂。 #!/bin/bash echo -n "Enter the name of an animal: " read ANIMAL echo -n "The $ANIMAL has " case $ANIMAL in horse | dog | cat) echo -n "four";; man | kangaroo ) echo -n "two";; *) echo -n "an unknown number of";; esac echo " legs." 學(xué)會(huì)了case語句后,我們就可以對上面的多分支if語句的最后一個(gè)示例(顯示系統(tǒng)信息的)進(jìn)行改寫,改為case語句的。應(yīng)該不難,這里不演示了,我們嘗試新的腳本。 我們嘗試寫一個(gè)bash服務(wù)類腳本,常見于CentOS 6系列的系統(tǒng)中的/etc/rc.d/init.d/目錄下。
#!/bin/bash # # chkconfig: - 50 50 # Description: test service script # prog=$(basename $0) lockfile="/var/lock/subsys/$prog" case $1 in start) if [ -e $lockfile ]; then echo "The service $prog has already started." else touch $lockfile echo "The service $prog starts finished." fi ;; stop) if [ ! -e $lockfile ]; then echo "The service $prog has already stopped." else rm -f $lockfile echo "The service $prog stops finished." fi ;; restart) if [ -e $lockfile ]; then rm -f $lockfile touch $lockfile echo "The service $prog restart finished." else touch $lockfile echo "The service $prog starts finished." fi ;; status) if [ -e $lockfile ]; then echo "The service $prog is running." else echo "The service $prog is not running." fi ;; *) echo "Usage: $prog {start|stop|restart|status}" exit 1 ;; esac 腳本編寫完成后,要放入服務(wù)腳本所在的目錄、給予權(quán)限、加入服務(wù)管控(chkconfig),最后就可以使用service命令進(jìn)行測試了。 ~]# cp -av case_service.sh /etc/rc.d/init.d/case_service 'case_service.sh’ -> '/etc/rc.d/init.d/case_service’ ~]# chmod a+x /etc/rc.d/init.d/case_service ~]# chkconfig --add case_service ~]# chkconfig case_service on 像這個(gè)服務(wù)類的腳本,我們在重啟時(shí),可能執(zhí)行先停止后啟動(dòng),也可能執(zhí)行啟動(dòng)。這些在啟動(dòng)和停止時(shí)都有已經(jīng)寫好的代碼了。如果可以將代碼進(jìn)行重用的話,就可以減少很多代碼勞動(dòng)。這就是之后要介紹的函數(shù)。 |
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