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[TOC]
OpenWrt
OpenWrt是一個(gè)高度模塊化, 高度自動(dòng)化的嵌入式Linux系統(tǒng), 擁有強(qiáng)大的網(wǎng)絡(luò)組件, 常常被用于工控設(shè)備, 電話, 小型機(jī)器人, 智能家居, 路由器以及VOIP設(shè)備中. OpenWrt支持各種處理器架構(gòu)，無論是對(duì)ARM，X86，PowerPC或者M(jìn)IPS都有很好的支持. 其多達(dá)3000多種軟件包, 囊括從工具鏈(toolchain), 到內(nèi)核(linux kernel), 到軟件包(packages), 再到根文件系統(tǒng)(rootfs)整個(gè)體系, 使得用戶只需簡(jiǎn)單的一個(gè)make命令即可方便快速地定制一個(gè)具有特定功能的嵌入式系統(tǒng)來制作固件. 其模塊化設(shè)計(jì)也可以方便的移植各類功能到OpenWrt下, 加快開發(fā)速度.
對(duì)于開發(fā)人員, OpenWrt是使用框架來構(gòu)建應(yīng)用程序, 而無需建立一個(gè)完整的固件來支持. 對(duì)于用戶來說, 這意味著其擁有完全定制的能力, 可以用前所未有的方式使用該設(shè)備.
2014年12月19日小米路由器公測(cè)版正式發(fā)售, 也意味著OpenWrt進(jìn)入國(guó)內(nèi)主流科技企業(yè)的眼球. 然而OpenWrt到底是一款什么樣的操作系統(tǒng)呢? 對(duì)于創(chuàng)客來講, 怎么才能融入創(chuàng)客的設(shè)計(jì), 下面就從零介紹如果在pcDuino上開發(fā)OpenWrt.
OpenWrt項(xiàng)目始于2004年1月. 最早的OpenWrt版本基于Linksys為遵守GPL而放出的, 為WRT54G所編寫的代碼, 以及uclibc項(xiàng)目的buildroot. 這個(gè)版本以O(shè)penWrt "stable release"之名為人所知, 使用廣泛. 仍有許多OpenWrt應(yīng)用程序是基于這一版的, 例如Freifunk-Firmware和Sip@Home.
2005年初, 一些新的開發(fā)者進(jìn)入了團(tuán)隊(duì). 在封閉開發(fā)了數(shù)月之后, 團(tuán)隊(duì)決定發(fā)布OpenWrt的第一個(gè)experimental版本. 這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)版本使用的build系統(tǒng)是基于buildroot2大改而成的, 而buildroot2來自于uclibc項(xiàng)目. OpenWrt使用官方版GNU/Linux內(nèi)核代碼, 只是額外添加了片上系統(tǒng)(SoC)的補(bǔ)丁和網(wǎng)絡(luò)接口的驅(qū)動(dòng). 開發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)嘗試重新實(shí)現(xiàn)GPL tarball中不同開發(fā)商的絕大多數(shù)專有代碼. 其中有: 將新固件鏡像文件直接寫入閃存的自由工具(mtd), 配置無線局域網(wǎng)(wlcompat/wificonf), 通過proc文件系統(tǒng)對(duì)支持VLAN的switch(交換機(jī))進(jìn)行編程. 最初發(fā)布的OpenWrt的代號(hào)是"White Russian", 來自于著名雞尾酒的名稱. 在OpenWrt發(fā)布0.9版的時(shí)候, White Russian的生命周期結(jié)束.
下一個(gè)版本的開發(fā)正在我們的SVN中進(jìn)行. 下面一張圖將很清晰的反映OpenWrt的版本史. 從圖上可以看出最新的穩(wěn)定版本代號(hào)為Attitude Adjustment, 早期的穩(wěn)定版本為Backfire 和 Kamikaze, 開發(fā)版本一直都是trunk. 各個(gè)版本的官方下載地址為 https://dev./wiki/GetSource
下載編譯OpenWrt
- 安裝依賴包(deb系列)
sudo aptitude install -y libncurses5-dev zlib1g-dev gawk flex patch git-core g++ subversion
- OpenWrt的源代碼管理默認(rèn)用的是SVN, 當(dāng)然你還可以用Git, 本教程中使用最新的trunk版本, 用SVN工具下載源碼
svn co svn://svn./openwrt/trunk/ openwrt-pcduino
還可以用Git下載
git clone git://git./openwrt.git
git clone git://git./packages.git
- 擴(kuò)展軟件包package feeds, feeds即為包含到你的OpenWrt環(huán)境中的額外軟件包的軟件列表索引(類似linux發(fā)行版中的軟件源, 不過此處為軟件包的源碼). 目前常用的feeds有:
src-git packages git://git./packages.git
src-svn xwrt http://x-wrt./svn/trunk/package
src-git luci git://nbd.name/luci.git
src-git routing git://github.com/openwrt-routing/packages.git
src-git telephony http://feeds.openwrt./openwrt/telephony.git
src-svn phone svn://svn./openwrt/feeds/phone
src-svn efl svn://svn./openwrt/feeds/efl
src-svn xorg svn://svn./openwrt/feeds/xorg
src-svn desktop svn://svn./openwrt/feeds/desktop
src-svn xfce svn://svn./openwrt/feeds/xfce
src-svn lxde svn://svn./openwrt/feeds/lxde
src-link custom /usr/src/openwrt/custom-feed
一般情況, 你至少需要含packages feeds, 其他可根據(jù)需求下載, 安裝feeds.
- packages – 提供眾多庫(kù), 工具等基本功能. 也是其他feed所依賴的軟件源, 因此在安裝其他feed前一定要先安裝packages!
- luci – OpenWrt默認(rèn)的GUI(WEB管理界面).
- xwrt – 另一種可替換LuCI的GUI
- qpe – DreamBox維護(hù)的基于Qt的圖形界面, 包含Qt2, Qt4, Qtopia, OPIE, SMPlayer等眾多圖形界面.
- device – DreamBox維護(hù)與硬件密切相關(guān)的軟件, 如uboot, qemu等.
- dreambox_packages – DreamBox維護(hù)的國(guó)內(nèi)常用網(wǎng)絡(luò)工具, 如oh3c, njit8021xclient等.
- desktop - OpenWrt用于桌面的一些軟件包.
- xfce - 基于Xorg的著名輕量級(jí)桌面環(huán)境. Xfce建基在GTK+2.x之上, 它使用Xfwm作為窗口管理器.
- efl - 針對(duì)enlightenment.
- phone -針對(duì)fso, paroli.
Trunk中默認(rèn)的feeds下載有packages、xwrt、luci、routing、telephony。如果你需要其他的軟件包，你只需要打開源碼根目錄下面的feeds.conf.default文去掉你需要的軟件包前面的#號(hào)，本教程中使用默認(rèn)的軟件，確定了軟件源之后，更新源:
./scripts/feeds update -a
安裝下載好的包:
./scripts/feeds install -a
- OpenWrt源碼目錄結(jié)構(gòu), 執(zhí)行上面命令之后你就可以得到全部的Openwrt源碼.
目錄結(jié)構(gòu):
- tools和toolchain包含了一些通用命令, 用來生成固件, 編譯器, 和C庫(kù).
- build dir/host是一個(gè)臨時(shí)目錄, 用來儲(chǔ)存不依賴于目標(biāo)平臺(tái)的工具.
- build dir/toolchain-用來儲(chǔ)存依賴于指定平臺(tái)的編譯鏈. 只是編譯文件存放目錄無需修改.
- build dir/target-用來儲(chǔ)存依賴于指定平臺(tái)的軟件包的編譯文件, 其中包括linux內(nèi)核, u-boot, packages, 只是編譯文件存放目錄無需修改.
- staging_dir是編譯目標(biāo)的最終安裝位置, 其中包括rootfs, package, toolchain.
- package軟件包的下載編譯規(guī)則, 在OpenWrt固件中, 幾乎所有東西都是.ipk, 這樣就可以很方便的安裝和卸載.
- target目標(biāo)系統(tǒng)指嵌入式設(shè)備, 針對(duì)不同的平臺(tái)有不同的特性, 針對(duì)這些特性, "target/linux"目錄下按照平臺(tái)進(jìn)行目錄劃分, 里面包括了針對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)內(nèi)核的補(bǔ)丁, 特殊配置等.
- bin編譯完OpenWrt的二進(jìn)制文件生成目錄, 其中包括sdk, uImage, u-boot, dts, rootfs構(gòu)建一個(gè)嵌入式系統(tǒng)完整的二進(jìn)制文件.
- config存放著整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的的配置文件.
- docs里面不斷包含了整個(gè)宿主機(jī)的文件源碼的介紹, 里面還有Makefile為目標(biāo)系統(tǒng)生成docs.
- include里面包括了整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的編譯需要的頭文件, 但是是以Make進(jìn)行連接的.
- feeds擴(kuò)展軟件包索引目錄.
- scripts組織編譯整個(gè)OpenWrt的規(guī)則.
- tmp編譯文件夾, 一般情況為空.
- dl所有軟件的下載目錄, 包括u-boot, kernel.
- logs如果編譯出錯(cuò), 可以在這里找到編譯出錯(cuò)的log.
- 配置OpenWrt編譯系統(tǒng)
在官方最新的trunk分支中已經(jīng)支持pcDuino這個(gè)target了.
具體配置如下:
A. 配置目標(biāo)系統(tǒng)(Target System) Target System (Allwinner A1x/A20/A3x) —>
B. 配置目標(biāo)硬件(Target Profile) Target Profile (pcDuino) —>
C. 配置編譯出來的image, 配置rootfs文件系統(tǒng)的格式這里選擇ext4, rootfs文件系統(tǒng)的大小這里設(shè)置(48M). Target Images —>
[ ] ramdisk —>
*** Root filesystem archives ***
[ ] cpio.gz
[*] tar.gz
*** Root filesystem images ***
[*] ext4
[ ] jffs2
[ ] squashfs
[*] GZip images
*** Image Options ***
(48) Root filesystem partition size (in MB)
(6000) Maximum number of inodes in root filesystem
(0) Percentage of reserved blocks in root filesystem
[ ] Include kernel in root filesystem —>
[ ] Include DTB in root filesystem
D. 選擇編譯交叉編譯器, 還有開發(fā)SDK. [*] Build the OpenWrt Image Builder
[*] Build the OpenWrt SDK
E. 配置無線網(wǎng)卡, V2/V3都是用的rtl8188cus無線網(wǎng)卡 Kernel modules —>
Wireless Drivers —>
-*- kmod-cfg80211…………………. cfg80211 – wireless configuration API
<*> kmod-lib80211……………………………… 802.11 Networking stack
{M} kmod-mac80211………………… Linux 802.11 Wireless Networking Stack
kmod-rtl8192cu………………….. Realtek RTL8192CU/RTL8188CU support
{M} kmod-rtlwifi……………………………. Realtek common driver part
F. LucI系統(tǒng)快速配置接口 LuCI —>
1. Collections —>
{*} luci
luci-ssl……………………. Standard OpenWrt set with HTTPS
4. Themes —>
-*- luci-theme-base…………………………. Common base for all
-*- luci-theme-bootstrap……………………… Bootstrap Theme
<*> luci-theme-freifunk-bno……………….. Freifunk Berlin Nordost Theme
<*> luci-theme-freifunk-generic………………….. Freifunk Generic Theme
<*> luci-theme-openwrt……………………………………. OpenWrt.org
5. Translations —>
<*> luci-i18n-chinese………………….. Chinese (by Chinese Translators)
-*- luci-i18n-english………………………………………… English
- 編譯OpenWrt系統(tǒng)
由于OpenWrt整個(gè)系統(tǒng)非常龐大, 編譯很慢. "-j 8" 表示用8線程進(jìn)行編譯, "V=s"編譯的時(shí)候顯示編譯信息. 如果你的電腦是4核建議你用8線程進(jìn)行編譯, 雙核建議你使用4線程. 這里測(cè)試8線程編譯需要一個(gè)小時(shí)才能編譯完成.
構(gòu)建pcDuino BSP
由于OpenWrt的u-boot用的是u-boot-2013的版本, 目前只支持SD卡啟動(dòng), 而且內(nèi)核用的是3.12.5版本. 另外我們的3.4.29的內(nèi)核用的是全志fex, 而且3.12.5用的是linux官方的kernel使用的是dts設(shè)備樹.這樣的話我們就不能用之前的BSP方案, 我們要自己做一個(gè)從SD卡啟動(dòng)的系統(tǒng).
pcDuino從SD卡啟動(dòng)順序是A10—>u-boot–>uImage–>OpenWrt.
根據(jù)全志官網(wǎng)的說明, 這些軟件都必須放在SD卡固定的地址. 那么首先要對(duì)A10進(jìn)行分區(qū). 根據(jù)全志芯片的說明, 需要對(duì)SD卡進(jìn)行下表固定分區(qū).
- 先格式化TF卡前面的1M空間, 這里是將TF卡通過讀卡器插入到PC的虛擬機(jī). 可以看出TF卡的設(shè)備是sdb.
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1 195G 60G 126G 33% /
udev 989M 4.0K 989M 1% /dev
tmpfs 400M 940K 399M 1% /run
none 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock
none 998M 76K 998M 1% /run/shm
/dev/sdb1 3.8G 12K 3.8G 1% /media/0005-559B
sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdb bs=1M count=1
- 寫入u-boot-spl.bin和u-boot.bin. OpenWrt的生成的二進(jìn)制文件都在openwrt/trunk/bin/sunxi目錄下, 這里OpenWrt做了一些工作將u-boot-spl.bin和u-boot.bin合在了一起, 只需要把openwrt-sunxi-pcDuino-sunxi-with-spl.bin寫到
cd uboot-sunxi-pcDuino
pillar@monster:~/openwrt/trunk/bin/sunxi/uboot-sunxi-pcDuino$ ls
openwrt-sunxi-pcDuino-sunxi-spl.bin openwrt-sunxi-pcDuino-u-boot.bin
openwrt-sunxi-pcDuino-sunxi-with-spl.bin
sudo dd if=openwrt-sunxi-pcDuino-sunxi-with-spl.bin of=/dev/sdb bs=1024 seek=8
這時(shí)候把SD卡插到板子上, 重新上電就會(huì)看到下面打印信息. U-Boot 2013.10-rc2 (Jan 15 2014 – 17:48:38) Allwinner Technology
CPU: Allwinner A10 (SUN4I)
Board: pcDuino
I2C: ready
DRAM: 1 GiB
MMC: SUNXI SD/MMC: 0
*** Warning – bad CRC, using default environment
In: serial
Out: serial
Err: serial
Net: emac
Hit any key to stop autoboot: 0
sun4i#
從上面可以看到u-boot已經(jīng)完全啟動(dòng)了, 上面的時(shí)間是編譯的時(shí)間. 上面的信息還可以看到我們的環(huán)境變量沒有設(shè)置, 它使用的是默認(rèn)的環(huán)境變量. 前面介紹, 系統(tǒng)建立在分區(qū)表不同的地方, 但是我們現(xiàn)在SD卡還沒有分區(qū)表, 我們需要先建立分區(qū)表再做環(huán)境變量.
- 建立分區(qū)表. 重新把SD卡插回到電腦的虛擬機(jī)里面, 使用fdisk創(chuàng)建分區(qū)表. 具體的分區(qū)見下操作, 步驟的說明請(qǐng)看#后面的注釋.
pillar@monster:~/openwrt/trunk/bin/sunxi$ sudo fdisk /dev/sdb
[sudo] password for pillar:
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x97bf3019.
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won’t be recoverable.
Warning: invalid flag 0×0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
Command (m for help): m #幫助
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition #創(chuàng)建分區(qū)
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table #查看分區(qū)
q quit without saving changes
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition’s system id #改變分區(qū)類型
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help): p #查看分區(qū)
Disk /dev/sdb: 4027 MB, 4027580416 bytes
124 heads, 62 sectors/track, 1023 cylinders, total 7866368 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x97bf3019
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
#沒有分區(qū)
Command (m for help): n #創(chuàng)建分區(qū)
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free) #主分區(qū)
e extended #擴(kuò)展分區(qū)
Select (default p): #選擇默認(rèn)主分區(qū)
Using default response p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): #分區(qū)號(hào)為1
Using default value 1
First sector (2048-7866367, default 2048): #選擇默認(rèn)值
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-7866367, default 7866367): 34815 #這個(gè)根據(jù)全志的手冊(cè)來第一個(gè)分區(qū)必須這么大
Command (m for help): p #查看分區(qū)
Disk /dev/sdb: 4027 MB, 4027580416 bytes
124 heads, 62 sectors/track, 1023 cylinders, total 7866368 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x97bf3019
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 34815 16384 83 Linux #創(chuàng)建的第一個(gè)分區(qū)
Command (m for help): n #再創(chuàng)建一個(gè)分區(qū)
Partition type:
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
e extended
Select (default p): #主分區(qū)
Using default response p
Partition number (1-4, default 2): #第二個(gè)主分區(qū)
Using default value 2
First sector (34816-7866367, default 34816): #默認(rèn)大小從34816開始
Using default value 34816
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (34816-7866367, default 7866367): #默認(rèn)全部分到第二分區(qū)
Using default value 7866367
Command (m for help): p #再一次查看分區(qū)
Disk /dev/sdb: 4027 MB, 4027580416 bytes
124 heads, 62 sectors/track, 1023 cylinders, total 7866368 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x97bf3019
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 34815 16384 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 34816 7866367 3915776 83 Linux
#可以看出創(chuàng)建了兩個(gè)分區(qū)都為linux類型，但是u-boot只能識(shí)別第一個(gè)分區(qū)為FAT32分區(qū)
Command (m for help): t #修改分區(qū)類型
Partition number (1-4): 1 #選擇修改哪個(gè)分區(qū)
Hex code (type L to list codes): L #列出所有類型
0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris
1 FAT12 27 Hidden NTFS Win 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
2 XENIX root 39 Plan 9 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
3 XENIX usr 3c PartitionMagic 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
4 FAT16 <32M 40 Venix 80286 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx
5 Extended 41 PPC PReP Boot 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data
6 FAT16 42 SFS 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .
7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d QNX4.x 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility
8 AIX 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt
9 AIX bootable 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access
a OS/2 Boot Manag 50 OnTrack DM 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O
b W95 FAT32 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor
c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52 CP/M a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs
e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a5 FreeBSD ee GPT
f W95 Ext’d (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/
10 OPUS 55 EZ-Drive a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b
11 Hidden FAT12 56 Golden Bow a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor
12 Compaq diagnost 5c Priam Edisk a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor
14 Hidden FAT16 <3 61 SpeedStor ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary
16 Hidden FAT16 63 GNU HURD or Sys af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS
17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 64 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE
18 AST SmartSleep 65 Novell Netware b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto
1b Hidden W95 FAT3 70 DiskSecure Mult bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep
1c Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX be Solaris boot ff BBT
1e Hidden W95 FAT1 80 Old Minix
Hex code (type L to list codes): c #選擇FAT32
Changed system type of partition 1 to c (W95 FAT32 (LBA))
Command (m for help): p #再一次查看分區(qū)
Disk /dev/sdb: 4027 MB, 4027580416 bytes
124 heads, 62 sectors/track, 1023 cylinders, total 7866368 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x97bf3019
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 34815 16384 c W95 FAT32 (LBA)#已經(jīng)修改過了了
/dev/sdb2 34816 7866367 3915776 83 Linux
Command (m for help): w #保存分區(qū)表
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: If you have created or modified any DOS 6.x
partitions, please see the fdisk manual page for additional
information.
Syncing disks.
- 格式化分區(qū). 剛才創(chuàng)建了分區(qū), 但是沒有格式化, 我們還是不能使用.
pillar@monster :~/openwrt/trunk/bin/sunxi$ ls /dev/sdb #查看已經(jīng)分好的分區(qū)
sdb sdb1 sdb2
pillar@monster :~/openwrt/trunk/bin/sunxi$ mkf #查看有哪些分區(qū)類型
mkfifo mkfontscale mkfs.bfs mkfs.ext2 mkfs.ext4 mkfs.minix mkfs.ntfs
mkfontdir mkfs mkfs.cramfs mkfs.ext3 mkfs.ext4dev mkfs.msdos mkfs.vfat
pillar@monster :~/openwrt/trunk/bin/sunxi$ sudo mkfs.vfat /dev/sdb1 #第一個(gè)分區(qū)格式化為fat分區(qū)
[sudo] password for pillar:
mkfs.vfat 3.0.12 (29 Oct 2011)
pillar@monster :~/openwrt/trunk/bin/sunxi$ sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb2 #第二個(gè)分區(qū)格式化為ext4分區(qū)，這里需要幾分鐘
mke2fs 1.42 (29-Nov-2011)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
244800 inodes, 978944 blocks
48947 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=1002438656
30 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8160 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (16384 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
- 掛載分區(qū)
pillar@monster :~/openwrt/trunk/bin/sunxi$ sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /media/1
pillar@monster :~/openwrt/trunk/bin/sunxi$ sudo mount /dev/sdb2 /media/2
pillar@monster :~/openwrt/trunk/bin/sunxi$ df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1 195G 60G 126G 33% /
udev 989M 4.0K 989M 1% /dev
tmpfs 400M 944K 399M 1% /run
none 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock
none 998M 76K 998M 1% /run/shm
/dev/sdb1 16M 0 16M 0% /media/1
/dev/sdb2 3.7G 7.5M 3.5G 1% /media/2
- 制作u-boot環(huán)境變量文件. 剛剛創(chuàng)建了分區(qū), 這里只需要將環(huán)境變量文件, 還有uImage拷貝到第一分區(qū)讓u-boot讀取, 就可以引導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)了. 下面開始制作u-boot環(huán)境變量文件.
pillar@monster :/media/1$ vim boot.cmd
1 setenv bootargs console=ttyS0,115200 root=/dev/mmcblk0p2 rootwait panic=10 ${extra}
2 fatload mmc 0 0×46000000 uImage
3 fatload mmc 0 0×49000000 sun4i-a10-pcduino.dtb
4 fdt_high ffffffff
5 bootm 0×46000000 – 0×49000000
pillar@monster :/media/1$mkimage -C none -A arm -T script -d boot.cmd boot.scr
- 將系統(tǒng)文件拷貝到第一和第二分區(qū).
pillar@monster :/media/1$ cp ~/openwrt/trunk/bin/sunxi/sun4i-a10-pcduino.dtb .
pillar@monster :/media/1$ cp ~/openwrt/trunk/bin/sunxi/openwrt-sunxi-uImage uImage
pillar@monster :/media/1$ ls #第一分區(qū)文件
boot.scr sun4i-a10-pcduino.dtb uImage
pillar@monster :/media$ sudo dd if=~/openwrt/trunk/bin/sunxi/openwrt-sunxi-root.ext4 of=/dev/sdb2 bs=1M #拷貝第二分區(qū)文件
好了, 現(xiàn)在整個(gè)的從SD啟動(dòng)的BSP已經(jīng)最好了.
- 發(fā)布并燒寫系統(tǒng). 現(xiàn)在把系統(tǒng)做好了, 你可以發(fā)布你制作的系統(tǒng), 然后別人可以通過win32diskimager來把你的系統(tǒng)寫入到他的SD卡, 他就可以和你一起玩OpenWrt了.
pillar@monster :/media$ sudo dd if=/dev/sdc of=OpenWrt.img bs=4M
現(xiàn)在把OpenWrt.img拷貝到windows上, 把你新的SD卡插到電腦開始用win32diskimager寫入
配置OpenWrt系統(tǒng)
- 讓系統(tǒng)上網(wǎng)
vim /etc/config/network
config interface ‘net’
option ifname ‘eth0′
option proto ‘dhcp’
- 設(shè)置固定的mac地址
當(dāng)系統(tǒng)的啟動(dòng)的時(shí)候發(fā)現(xiàn)mac地址老是在變，這就會(huì)出現(xiàn)一個(gè)問題, 有時(shí)候能獲取到ip, 有時(shí)候獲取不到ip. 這里可以做一個(gè)系統(tǒng)服務(wù), 讓系統(tǒng)開機(jī)保存mac地址, 然后再開機(jī)的時(shí)候恢復(fù)之前的mac地址.
1) 在/etc/init.d/mac里面編寫如下腳本 #!/bin/sh /etc/rc.common
START=18
STOP=91
start() {
if [ -f /mac ]; then
dd if=/mac bs=1 count=17 of=/tmp/mac >/dev/null 2>&1
mac_addr=`cat /tmp/mac`
else
mac_file=/sys/class/net/eth0/address
dd if=$mac_file bs=1 of=/mac count=17 >/dev/null 2>&1
mac_addr=`cat /tmp/mac`
fi
ifconfig eth0 down
ifconfig eth0 hw ether $mac_addr
#if failed, save current mac address
if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
mac_file=/sys/class/net/eth0/address
dd if=$mac_file bs=1 of=/mac count=17 >/dev/null 2>&1
fi
}
2) 指定運(yùn)行的模式
/etc/rc.d/rc則根據(jù)其參數(shù)指定的運(yùn)行模式(運(yùn)行級(jí)別, 你在inittab文件中可以設(shè)置)來執(zhí)行相應(yīng)目錄下的腳本. 凡是以Kxx開頭的, 都以stop為參數(shù)來調(diào)用. 凡是以Sxx開頭的, 都以start為參數(shù)來調(diào)用. 調(diào)用的順序按xx 從小到大來執(zhí)行. 例如, 假設(shè)缺省的運(yùn)行模式是3, /etc/rc.d/rc就會(huì)按上述方式調(diào)用.
由于設(shè)定mac地址要在network之前. 所以要?jiǎng)?chuàng)建鏈接: ln -s /etc/init.d/mac /etc/rc.d/S18mac
- 開啟wifi
openwrt啟動(dòng)之后輸入: root@OpenWrt :/# ifconfig
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr AE:DB:9A:D9:31:DE
inet addr:192.168.1.119 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::acdb:9aff:fed9:31de/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:696 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:640 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:86028 (84.0 KiB) TX bytes:377264 (368.4 KiB)
Interrupt:17 Base address:0×4000
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1
RX packets:16 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:16 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:1786 (1.7 KiB) TX bytes:1786 (1.7 KiB)
wlan0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:7A:03:00:29:F4
inet6 addr: fe80::27a:3ff:fe00:29f4/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:7 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:864 (864.0 B)
確保ethX和wlanX都有. openwrt的root密碼是沒有設(shè)置, 你需要從serial debug進(jìn)入系統(tǒng)設(shè)置root密碼, 設(shè)置方法如下: passwd root
然后在同一個(gè)局域網(wǎng)內(nèi)你的PC的瀏覽器上輸入: ethX的ip, 這里是192.168.1.119.就會(huì)出現(xiàn)下面界面:
輸入你剛才設(shè)置的密碼, 進(jìn)入系統(tǒng)管理界面, 默認(rèn)是進(jìn)入狀態(tài)標(biāo)簽, 這里你可以看到整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行的狀態(tài).
如果你對(duì)當(dāng)前頁面不太習(xí)慣, 而且在使用上語言上也有些困難, 你可以進(jìn)入system標(biāo)簽, 在System Properties里面設(shè)置language and style如下圖所示. 設(shè)置完之后save & apply, 重新刷新一下瀏覽器就可以使用你設(shè)置的語言和主題.
下面進(jìn)入網(wǎng)絡(luò)標(biāo)簽欄設(shè)置wifi節(jié)點(diǎn), 這個(gè)部分是openwrt比較復(fù)雜的一個(gè)部分, 這個(gè)部分的設(shè)置直接決定著你的openwrt能不能使用.
添加新接口, 選擇靜態(tài)ip, 新接口的名稱, 你需要用英文自定義一個(gè)名字, 在包括一下接口里面選擇無線網(wǎng)絡(luò). 設(shè)置完之后提交, 進(jìn)入下一個(gè)頁面繼續(xù)設(shè)置.
基本設(shè)置設(shè)置完成之后, 進(jìn)入防火墻設(shè)置, 這里wifi必須選擇為lan口. 設(shè)置完成之后保存應(yīng)用. 這個(gè)時(shí)候你電腦就可以連接使用openwrt這個(gè)路由器了.
點(diǎn)擊修改后進(jìn)入防火墻設(shè)置標(biāo)簽欄, 分配防火墻區(qū)域?yàn)閣an, 設(shè)置完成之后保存&應(yīng)用.
制作內(nèi)核補(bǔ)丁
- 清空恢復(fù)上一個(gè)全新的內(nèi)核
make target/linux/{clean,prepare} V=s QUILT=1
- 到內(nèi)核源碼目錄
cd build_dir/target-*/linux-*/linux-3.*
- 建立git代碼倉(cāng)庫(kù)
git init
git add * -f
git commit -am "initial commit"
- 修改你的代碼, 這里我給我的代碼添加
rtl8188cus驅(qū)動(dòng). mkdir drivers/net/wireless/rtl8192cus
cp /home/pillar/openwrt/openwrt-pcDuino/RTL8188C_8192C_USB_linux_v4.0.2_9000.20130911/driver/rtl8188C_8192C_usb_linux_v4.0.2_9000.20130911/* drivers/net/wireless/rtl8192cus/ -rf
vim drivers/net/wireless/Kconfig
284 source “drivers/net/wireless/rtl8192cus/Kconfig”
vim drivers/net/wireless/rtl8192cus/Kconfig
1 config RTL8192CU_SW
2 tristate “Realtek 8192C USB WiFi for SW”
3 depends on USB
4 select WIRELESS_EXT
5 select WEXT_PRIV
vim drivers/net/wireless/Makefile
28 obj-$(CONFIG_RTL8192CU_SW) += rtl8192cus/
vim drivers/net/wireless/rtl8192cus/Makefile
575 obj-$(CONFIG_RTL8192CU_SW) := $(MODULE_NAME).o
579 export CONFIG_RTL8192CU_SW = m
- 建立git分支, 并制作補(bǔ)丁
git branch rtl8192
git checkout rtl8192
git add * -f
git commit -a -m "add rtl8192cus for pcDuino"
git format-patch -M master #會(huì)生成0002-add-rtl8192cus-for-pcDuino.patch
cp 0001-add-rtl8192cus-for-pcDuino.patch patches/
cd ../../../../
make target/linux/update package/index V=s
cp build_dir/target-arm_cortex-a8+vfpv3_uClibc-0.9.33.2_eabi/linux-sunxi/linux-3.12.5/patches/0001-add-rtl8192cus-for-pcDuino.patch target/linux/sunxi/patches-3.12/
- 檢測(cè)是否生效, 執(zhí)行完之后就是
rtl8192分支的代碼了. make target/linux/{clean,prepare} V=s QUILT=1
- 配置內(nèi)核應(yīng)用選項(xiàng)
make kernel_menuconfig
Device Drivers —>
[*] Network device support —>
[*] Wireless LAN —>
<*> Realtek 8192C USB WiFi
其他的patch的制作方法請(qǐng)參考: http://wiki./doc/devel/patches
建立App服務(wù)器
OpenWrt通過opkg來管理安裝整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的軟件. 目前有很多OpenWrt的軟件源, 但是哪些都是針對(duì)于MIPS平臺(tái)的, pcDuino使用的ARM平臺(tái), 我們必須自己搭建軟件源. 查看了一下MIPS平臺(tái)的服務(wù)器, 其實(shí)很簡(jiǎn)單的, 就是一個(gè)apache服務(wù)器, 而且OpenWrt編譯完成之后, 在openwrt/trunk/bin/sunxi/packages下面已經(jīng)生成了軟件源. 我們只需要將他們聯(lián)系起來就行了, 這里是在我的PC的虛擬機(jī)上搭建的. # sudo apt-get install apache2
修改https的根目錄 pillar@monster :~/openwrt$ vim /etc/apache2/sites-available/default
4 DocumentRoot /home/pillar/openwrt/trunk/bin/sunxi/
重啟服務(wù)器使修改過的配置生效 pillar@monster :~/openwrt$ sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
修改pcDuino上OpenWrt的源配置 root@OpenWrt :/# vim /etc/opkg.conf
src/gz barrier_breaker http://192.168.1.125/packages
dest root /
dest ram /tmp
lists_dir ext /var/opkg-lists
option overlay_root /overlay
上面的IP為我們電腦虛擬機(jī)的IP, 下面更新一下軟件源. # opkg update
應(yīng)用程序開發(fā)
OpenWrt上面應(yīng)用程序開發(fā)有兩種方式, 一種是利用OpenWrt SDK, 一種是利用OpenWrt源碼. 這里主要介紹利用OpenWrt源碼, 進(jìn)行開發(fā)應(yīng)用程序, 制作成ipk軟件可以安裝.
- 進(jìn)入package目錄, 創(chuàng)建軟件目錄
#cd /home/pillar/openwrt/trunk/package
#mkdir example1
- 進(jìn)入example1目錄, 創(chuàng)建Makefile文件和代碼路徑
#cd example1
#touch Makefile
#mkdir src
該Makefile具體內(nèi)容如下:
#User mode tool example
include $(TOPDIR)/rules.mk
include $(INCLUDE_DIR)/kernel.mk
PKG_NAME:=example1
PKG_RELEASE:=1
PKG_BUILD_DIR := $(KERNEL_BUILD_DIR)/$(PKG_NAME)
include $(INCLUDE_DIR)/package.mk
define Package/example1
SECTION:=utils
CATEGORY:=Base system
TITLE:=Build for example1 commands
endef
define Package/example1/description
This package contains an utility useful to use example1 commands.
endef
define Build/Prepare
mkdir -p $(PKG_BUILD_DIR)
$(CP) ./src/* $(PKG_BUILD_DIR)/
endef
target=$(firstword $(subst -, ,$(BOARD)))
MAKE_FLAGS += TARGET="$(target)"
TARGET_CFLAGS += -Dtarget_$(target)=1 -Wall
define Build/example1/compile
$(MAKE) -C “$(LINUX_DIR)” \
CROSS_COMPILE=”$(TARGET_CROSS)” \
ARCH=”$(LINUX_KARCH)” \
SUBDIRS=”$(PKG_BUILD_DIR)” \
EXTRA_CFLAGS=”$(BUILDFLAGS)”
endef
define Package/example1/install
$(INSTALL_DIR) $(1)/sbin
$(INSTALL_BIN) $(PKG_BUILD_DIR)/example1 $(1)/sbin/
endef
$(eval $(call BuildPackage,example1))
- 進(jìn)入src目錄, 創(chuàng)建相關(guān)源文件
cd src
touch example１.c Makefile
example１.c 具體內(nèi)容如下:
#include
int main(void)
{
printf(“Hello, world\n”);
return 0;
}
Makefile文件具體內(nèi)容如下:
.NOTPARALLEL:
#OCTEON_ROOT=$(PWD)/src/
CC=~/openwrt/main/staging_dir/toolchain-mips64_gcc-4.4.1_eglibc-2.10.1/usr/bin/mips64-openwrt-linux-gnu-gcc
CFLAGS=-mips64r2 -mabi=64 -march=octeon -mtune=octeon
LFLAGS=
.PHONY: all
all: example1
example1:example1.c
${CC} ${CFLAGS} ${LFLAGS} -W -g -Wall -Wno-unused-parameter -DUSE_RUNTIME_MODEL_CHECKS=1 \
-o $@ example1.c
- 回到主路徑/home/pillar/openwrt/trunk/, 編譯選項(xiàng)配置保存并編譯.
make menuconfig
Base system —>
example1
選項(xiàng)設(shè)置為M, 保存退出.
然后編譯該模塊: make package/example1/compile
- 更新package
make package/ example1/install
make package/index
內(nèi)核驅(qū)動(dòng)開發(fā)
OpenWrt開發(fā)內(nèi)核驅(qū)動(dòng)有多種方式, 前面講到的制作內(nèi)核補(bǔ)丁也是一種開發(fā)方法. 這里介紹直接在OpenWrt系統(tǒng)上開發(fā)內(nèi)核驅(qū)動(dòng), 把內(nèi)核驅(qū)動(dòng)做成ipk軟件包的形式.
- 建立工作目錄
cd openwrt/trunk/package
mkdir example
- 進(jìn)入example目錄, 創(chuàng)建Makefile文件和代碼路徑
cd example
mkdir src
vim Makefile
# Kernel module example
include $(TOPDIR)/rules.mk
include $(INCLUDE_DIR)/kernel.mk
PKG_NAME:=example
PKG_RELEASE:=1
include $(INCLUDE_DIR)/package.mk
define KernelPackage/example
SUBMENU:=Other modules
DEPENDS:=@TARGET_octeon
TITLE:=Support Module for example
AUTOLOAD:=$(call AutoLoad,81,example)
FILES:=$(PKG_BUILD_DIR)/example/example.$(LINUX_KMOD_SUFFIX)
endef
define Build/Prepare
mkdir -p $(PKG_BUILD_DIR)
$(CP) -R ./src/* $(PKG_BUILD_DIR)/
endef
define Build/Compile
$(MAKE) -C “$(LINUX_DIR)” \
CROSS_COMPILE=”$(TARGET_CROSS)” \
ARCH=”$(LINUX_KARCH)” \
SUBDIRS=”$(PKG_BUILD_DIR)/example” \
EXTRA_CFLAGS=”-g $(BUILDFLAGS)” \
modules
endef
$(eval $(call KernelPackage,example))
- 進(jìn)入src目錄, 創(chuàng)建代碼路徑和相關(guān)源文件
cd src
mkdir example
cd example
vim example.c
#include
#include
#include
/* hello_init —- 初始化函數(shù), 當(dāng)模塊裝載時(shí)被調(diào)用, 如果成功裝載返回0, 否則返回非0值 */
static int __init hello_init(void)
{
printk("I bear a charmed life.\n");
return 0;
}
/ * hello_exit —- 退出函數(shù), 當(dāng)模塊卸載時(shí)被調(diào)用 */
static void __exit hello_exit(void)
{
printk("Out, out, brief candle\n");
}
module_init(hello_init);
module_exit(hello_exit);
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
MODULE_AUTHOR("Pillar_zuo");
vim Kconfig
config EXAMPLE
tristate "Just a example"
default n
help
This is a example, for debugging kernel model.
If unsure, say N.
vim Makefile
obj-m := example.o
- 回到OpenWrt源碼根目錄下
make menuconfig
Kernel modules —>
Other modules —>
kmod-example
選項(xiàng)設(shè)置為M, 保存退出
然后編譯該模塊: make package/example/compile
make package/index
- 在OpenWrt系統(tǒng)里面就可以用opkg下載使用了.
使用OpenWrt SDK
OpenWrt為了避免每次都重新編譯系統(tǒng), 引入了SDK機(jī)制. 我們?cè)诎l(fā)布系統(tǒng)的時(shí)候也需要發(fā)布SDK, 具體的使用方法請(qǐng)下面例子.
- 解壓SDK
pillar@monster :~/openwrt/trunk/bin/sunxi$ tar xvf OpenWrt-SDK-sunxi-for-linux-x86_64-gcc-4.6-linaro_uClibc-0.9.33.2.tar.bz2
cd OpenWrt-SDK-sunxi-for-linux-x86_64-gcc-4.6-linaro_uClibc-0.9.33.2
- 建立軟件工作目錄
cd package
mkdir helloworld
vim Makefile #這個(gè)Makefile可以作為模板
##############################################
# OpenWrt Makefile for helloworld program
#
#
# Most of the variables used here are defined in
# the include directives below. We just need to
# specify a basic description of the package,
# where to build our program, where to find
# the source files, and where to install the
# compiled program on the router.
#
# Be very careful of spacing in this file.
# Indents should be tabs, not spaces, and
# there should be no trailing whitespace in
# lines that are not commented.
#
##############################################
include $(TOPDIR)/rules.mk
# Name and release number of this package
PKG_NAME:=helloworld
PKG_RELEASE:=1
# This specifies the directory where we’re going to build the program.
# The root build directory, $(BUILD_DIR), is by default the build_mipsel
# directory in your OpenWrt SDK directory
PKG_BUILD_DIR := $(BUILD_DIR)/$(PKG_NAME)
include $(INCLUDE_DIR)/package.mk
# Specify package information for this program.
# The variables defined here should be self explanatory.
# If you are running Kamikaze, delete the DESCRIPTION
# variable below and uncomment the Kamikaze define
# directive for the description below
define Package/helloworld
SECTION:=utils
CATEGORY:=Utilities
TITLE:=Helloworld — prints a snarky message
endef
# Uncomment portion below for Kamikaze and delete DESCRIPTION variable above
define Package/helloworld/description
If you can’t figure out what this program does, you’re probably
brain-dead and need immediate medical attention.
endef
# Specify what needs to be done to prepare for building the package.
# In our case, we need to copy the source files to the build directory.
# This is NOT the default. The default uses the PKG_SOURCE_URL and the
# PKG_SOURCE which is not defined here to download the source from the web.
# In order to just build a simple program that we have just written, it is
# much easier to do it this way.
define Build/Prepare
mkdir -p $(PKG_BUILD_DIR)
$(CP) ./src/* $(PKG_BUILD_DIR)/
endef
# We do not need to define Build/Configure or Build/Compile directives
# The defaults are appropriate for compiling a simple program such as this one
# Specify where and how to install the program. Since we only have one file,
# the helloworld executable, install it by copying it to the /bin directory on
# the router. The $(1) variable represents the root directory on the router running
# OpenWrt. The $(INSTALL_DIR) variable contains a command to prepare the install
# directory if it does not already exist. Likewise $(INSTALL_BIN) contains the
# command to copy the binary file from its current location (in our case the build
# directory) to the install directory.
define Package/helloworld/install
$(INSTALL_DIR) $(1)/bin
$(INSTALL_BIN) $(PKG_BUILD_DIR)/helloworld $(1)/bin/
endef
# This line executes the necessary commands to compile our program.
# The above define directives specify all the information needed, but this
# line calls BuildPackage which in turn actually uses this information to
# build a package.
$(eval $(call BuildPackage,helloworld))
mkdir src
cd src
- 編寫自己的軟件, 這里以helloworld為例.
vim helloworld.c
#include
int main(void)
{
printf(“Hell! O’ world, why won’t my code compile?\n\n”);
return 0;
}
vim Makefile
# build helloworld executable when user executes "make"
helloworld: helloworld.o
$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) helloworld.o -o helloworld
helloworld.o: helloworld.c
$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c helloworld.c
# remove object files and executable when user executes "make clean"
clean:
rm *.o helloworld
- 編譯軟件, 回到SDK根目錄下.
cd ../../
make V=s
pillar@monster :~/openwrt/trunk/bin/sunxi/OpenWrt-SDK-sunxi-for-linux-x86_64-gcc-4.6-linaro_uClibc-0.9.33.2$ ls bin/sunxi/packages/
helloworld_1_sunxi.ipk Packages Packages.gz
- 修改軟件源根目錄. 如果你不想每次都拷貝, 你可以把軟件源的根目錄下設(shè)置在
OpenWrt-SDK-sunxi-for-linux-x86_64-gcc-4.6-linaro_uClibc-0.9.33.2/bin/sunxi/packages
然后你可以在OpenWrt系統(tǒng)里面下載安裝.
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