代詞是代替名詞的一種詞類。大多數(shù)代詞具有名詞和形容詞的功能。英語中的代詞，按其意義、特征及在句中的作用分為:人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、自身代詞、相互代詞、疑問代詞、關(guān)系代詞和不定代詞八種。
一、人稱代詞是表示"我"、"你"、"他"、"她"、"它"、
"我們"、"你們"、"他們"的詞。人稱代詞有人稱、數(shù)和格的變化，見下表:
數(shù) 單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù)
格 主格 賓格 主格 賓格
第一人稱 I me we us
第二人稱 you you you you
he him they them
第三人稱 she her they them
it it they them
如:Heismyfriend. 他是我的朋友。
It’sme. 是我。
二、物主代詞表示所有關(guān)系的代詞，也可叫做代詞所有格。物主代詞分形容性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞二種，其人物和數(shù)的變化見下表。
數(shù) 單數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù)
人稱 第一 第二 第三 第一 第二 第三
人稱人稱 人稱 人稱 人稱 人稱
形容詞性 my your his/her itsouryour/their
物主代詞
名詞性 mineyourshis/hersitsoursyours/theirs
物主代詞
如:Ilikehiscar.
我喜歡他的小汽車。
Ourschoolishere，andtheirsisthere.
我們的學(xué)校在這兒，他們的在那兒。
三、指示代詞表示"那個(gè)"、"這個(gè)"、"這些"、"那些"等指示概念的代詞。指示代詞有this，that，these，those等。
如:Thatisagoodidea. 那是個(gè)好主意。
四、表示"我自己"、"你自己"、"他自己"、"我們自己"、"你們自己"和"他們自己"等的代詞，叫做自身代詞，也稱為"反身代詞"。
如:Shewastalkingtoherself. 她自言自語。
五、表示相互關(guān)系的代詞叫相互代詞，有eachother和oneanother兩組，但在運(yùn)用中，這兩組詞沒什么區(qū)別。
如:Theyloveeachother. 他們彼此相愛。
六、不是指明代替任何特定名詞的代詞叫做不定代詞。常見的不定代詞有a11，both，each，every等，以及含有some-，any-，no-等的合成代詞，如anybody，something，noone。這些不定代詞大都可以代替名詞和形容詞，在句中作主語、賓語、表語和定語， 但none和由some，any，no等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞只能作主語、賓語或表語;every和no只能作定語。如:
---Doyouhaveacar? --你有一輛小汽車嗎?
---Yes，Ihaveone. --是的，我有一輛。
---Idon’tknowanyofthem. 他們，我一個(gè)也不認(rèn)識(shí)。
七、疑問代詞有who，whom，whose，what和which等。在句子中用來構(gòu)成特殊疑問句。疑問代詞都可用作連接代詞，引導(dǎo)名詞性從句(主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句)
如:Tellmewhoheis. 告訴我他是誰。
八、關(guān)系代詞有who，whom，whose，that，which，as等，可用作引導(dǎo)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞。它們?cè)诙ㄕZ從句中可作主語、表語、賓語、定語等;另一方面它們又代表主句中為定語從句所修飾的那個(gè)名詞或代詞(通稱為先行詞)。
如:Heisthemanwhomyouhavebeenlookingfor. 他就是你要找的那個(gè)人.
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代詞的用法
幾類代詞的相應(yīng)形式:
人稱代詞
物主代詞
反身代詞
主格
賓格
形容詞性
名詞性
單數(shù)
I
I 我
me我
my我的
mine我的
myself我自己
II
you
you
your
your
yourself
III
he
him
his
his
himself
she
her
her
hers
herself
it
it
its
its
itself
復(fù)數(shù)
I
we
us
our
ours
ourselves
II
you
you
your
yours
Yourselves
III
they
them
their
theirs
themselves
人稱代詞的用法:1,主格作主語或表語:
She and Tom are good friends.
It's she who wants it.
2. 賓格作及物動(dòng)詞和介詞的賓語,還可作表語.
Aunt Li took care of us.
Who is knocking at the door It's me.
物主代詞的用法:
形容詞性物主代詞只能做定語,修飾名詞,相當(dāng)于形容詞.
My mother is a nurse in a hospital.
Their teacher is coming here.
名詞性物主代詞可以做主語,賓語和表語,相當(dāng)于名詞.
This is my pen, yours is lost.(yours=your pen)
The best composition is hers. (hers= her composition)
I can't find my ruler, I have to use hers. (hers = her ruler)
反身代詞的用法:
反身代詞表示主語發(fā)生的動(dòng)作落在主語自己身上,或用來加強(qiáng)名詞或代詞的語氣.
作主語:I hope he didn't hurt herself. She taught herself English.
同位語: You yourself said so. You can do it yourself.
常與以下動(dòng)詞連用:
hurt, dress, enjoy, say to, talk to, teach, wash, help
還可以與介詞連用:by oneself [自己(不需要?jiǎng)e人幫忙)] for oneself (替自己,為自己)
to oneself(供自己用)
不定代詞及用法:
(一)可分為普 通不定代詞,個(gè)體不定代詞和數(shù)量不定代詞:
通不定代詞:some, any, no, somebody, nobody, anybody, someone, anyone, no one, something, anything, nothing, one
個(gè)體不定代詞:all, every, each, other, another, either, neither, both, everybody, everyone, everything
數(shù)量不定代詞:many, much, few, a few, little, a little, a lot of, lots of
(二) 普通不定代詞的用法(部分):
some一般用于肯定句, 當(dāng)預(yù)期對(duì)方作肯定回答時(shí)也用于疑問句:
Could you please give me some information about ir
還用于表示要求和提供某物的句子:
Would you like some tea
2. any 的用法: (1)用于否定句及含有否定意義詞(hardly, never, no)的句子中:
I have hardly any time.
(2)用于疑問句中和條件句中: Do you see any birds in the tree
(3) some, any, no, 與 one, thing, body 構(gòu)成的合成詞的用法:這些代詞都表示單數(shù)的概念,some, any與one, thing, body構(gòu)成的合成詞的區(qū)別與和的用法基本相同.
There is someone looking for you outside.
If you want anything, call me, please.
這些代詞如被定語修飾, 應(yīng)放在定語前,如被else修飾,也放在else前:
Is there anything new in the newspaper
I'm afraid I can't help you, you'd better ask someone else.
3. other, another 的用法:
兩者均可指人,也可指物,other 意為 "另外",不確指,需要確指時(shí)前加定冠詞the, the other,,意為 another"另一個(gè)":
other: (1)后跟名詞(單,復(fù)),泛指 "別的,其他的"
The Great Wall is longer than any other wall in the world.
I'll go swimming with other friends tomorrow.
the other后跟名詞單或數(shù),或后不跟名詞, 特指兩者中的另一個(gè):
At last we got the other side of the river.
Thirty are girls and the other students are boys in our class.
I have two pens, one is blue and the other is red.
(3) others 后不加名詞,泛指另外一些別的人或事物;the others 特指其余所有的人或事物:
Some of us like playing table-tennis, and others like playing basketball.
Thirty in our class are girls, and the others are boys.
(4) 泛指三者以上的 "一些"不用加the, 用 "some…. others"的形式:
Some people like it, others not.
another:
泛指另一個(gè),不與the連用,只能跟可數(shù)名詞單數(shù):
I don't like this one, will you please show me another
We asked him to sing us another song.
4.both, either, neither的用法:他們均用于兩者之間,neither, either用做單數(shù),both用做復(fù)數(shù),
both:肯定句中表示"兩者都",用于否定句中表示 "兩者不都",即部分否定:
Both of the sisters are good at English.]
Not both of them are good at English.(One is good at English, the other isn't.)
I don't know both his brothers. (I only know one of them.)
Both,,,and,,,, 連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù):
Both my bothers and I are teachers.
(2) neither: 表示"兩個(gè)都不", either表示"兩個(gè)中的任何一個(gè)", neither是 either的否定形式,兩者均表示單數(shù)形式,做主語時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式:
Either you or he is right.
Neither he nor you is right.
neither是both的反義詞,做形容詞時(shí)與單數(shù)名詞連用,不用the:
Neither pen writes good.= Neither of the pens writes good.
Neither…nor…, either…or….
Eihter you or I am right.
Nether you nor I am right.=Both you and I are right.
5. (a) little, much, (a) few, many 的用法:
little "很少"表否定, a little "少許"表肯定, much= not a little:
I know little about him. 我不了解他.
I know much about him. 我對(duì)他很了解.
There is little to be done, is there
There is a little to be done, isn't there
在對(duì)不可數(shù)名詞提問時(shí)要用how much:
I spent a lot of money on books. How much did you spend on books
as little as "盡可能少的" as much as " 盡可能多的" as… as…結(jié)構(gòu)中不用 a little
Few 表示 "很少" 表否定含義, a few "有一些"表肯定含義, many= not a few ""許多,不少, 這三個(gè)詞用于修飾可數(shù)名詞:
Few of us understand our teacher.
A few of us understand our teacher.
His book has few readers, does it
His book has a few readers, doesn't it
as few as "盡可能少" as many as "和……一樣多" as…as…. 結(jié)構(gòu)中不用a few