動(dòng)詞不定式的十大考點(diǎn)2011-04-23 07:43:34| 分類： 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 | 標(biāo)簽： |字號(hào)大中小 訂閱 動(dòng)詞不定式是高考英語(yǔ)中的主要考點(diǎn)之一，每年都有一道以上的考題，其中95年就有4道。不定式考點(diǎn)主要包括以下十大類。
一．不定式的時(shí)態(tài)。這類考題最多，MET93、NMET97、99和上海高考題98中各有一 題，且都是有關(guān)不定式完成態(tài)的試題。例如（NMET99）： Robert is said____ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in. A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying 答案是A。不定式的時(shí)態(tài)一般包括三種：一般式、完成式和進(jìn)行式。一般式表示的動(dòng)作通常與謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作（狀態(tài)）同時(shí)（或幾乎同時(shí)）發(fā)生，或在其后發(fā)生；如果動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前，就要用完成式；同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí)，則用進(jìn)行式；如果所說(shuō)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前，且一直還在繼續(xù)，還須用完成進(jìn)行式。不定式的完成式常用在be said, be reported, be considered, appear, hope, pretend, seem等以及某些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后，表示對(duì)過(guò)去事情的推斷或虛擬假設(shè)，例如（NMET97）： I would love____ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone 答案是B，表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬愿望。題干中的last night是選擇判斷的依據(jù)。不定式的進(jìn)行式也是一個(gè)值得注意的考點(diǎn)。例如： When I went in, he pretended ____ a newspaper. A. to read B. to be reading C. reading D. to have read (答案.：B) 二．不定式的語(yǔ)態(tài)。當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是其動(dòng)作承受者時(shí)，通常要用被動(dòng)式。不定式 的被動(dòng)式在句中可作主、賓、表、定、狀語(yǔ)及賓補(bǔ)等。例如（NMET’02）： Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains ____ whether they will enjoy it. A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen 答案是B。因?yàn)椴欢ㄊ降倪壿嬛髡Z(yǔ)it（指出國(guó)旅游這件事）與不定式是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以要用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。又如（MET’92）： Little Tom would love____ to the theatre this evening A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking 答案是A。除了根據(jù)語(yǔ)境外，還可從take是及物動(dòng)詞，而后面無(wú)賓語(yǔ)這個(gè)語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象加以判斷（這一點(diǎn)非常重要）。又如（上海高考題98）： He claimed ____ in the supermarket when he was doing shopping yesterday. A. being badly treated B. treating badly C. to be treated badly D. to have been badly treated 根據(jù)題意，本題該用不定式的完成被動(dòng)式，表動(dòng)作發(fā)生在claimed之前，故答案是D。 值得注意的是，在下列場(chǎng)合通常用不定式的主動(dòng)式表被動(dòng)意義： 1． 當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)以動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者的身份出現(xiàn)在句中時(shí)。例如： We still have many difficulties to overcome in our socialist construction. 2．在“be + 形容詞 + 不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如： The future is hard to tell. 3．在be to let / blame / seek等習(xí)慣用法中，例如： It is I who am to blame. Are these umbrellas to let? 三．不定式的否定式。其基本形式是not to do， 即疑問(wèn)副詞not必須置于整個(gè)不定 式結(jié)構(gòu)之前。95、96和99三年都有這樣的考題。例如（NMET96）： The patient was warned____ oily food after the operation. A. to eat B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating 答案是C。這道題并不難，只要熟悉其否定式和warn sb.(not) to do sth.這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)就能做。 四．不定式的省略。有時(shí)不定式符號(hào)to可用來(lái)代表整個(gè)不定式短語(yǔ)，如果前面有一 個(gè)類似的動(dòng)詞詞組。例如（MET95）： — I’ll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat? — Not at all,____ . A. I’ve no time B. I’d rather not C. I’d like it D. I’d be happy to 答案是D。to后省略了look after。不定式的省略現(xiàn)象，常出現(xiàn)在某些表心理或情感狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞如want, wish, hope, expect, love, hate, know, suppose, care, prefer, mean等及動(dòng)詞ask tell, try, need等后，以及某些半助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞be to, be about to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to等之后。有時(shí)，不定式符號(hào)to也可一并省略： 1． 作某些動(dòng)詞如like, try等的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)。 You can stay at home or go out, In a word, you can do whatever you like. 2．當(dāng)不會(huì)引起歧義，例如作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)?？墒?。 If you use the computer to learn more knowledge, I’ll allow you. 3．不定式帶有修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)。 I dare not tell him the truth though I’d like very much. 但在下列情況to需要保留或重復(fù)： (1) 當(dāng)一個(gè)不定式或另一個(gè)不定式進(jìn)行對(duì)比時(shí)。例如（NMET99）： The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _____ it more difficult. A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not doing （答案：B） (2) 一般而言，在否定結(jié)構(gòu)中to必須保留。例如（NMET95）： The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _____. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to (3) 當(dāng)句中有系列不定式時(shí)。例如： They have come to talk, to sing , to get drunk. 五．Forget, remember, try, regret, mean, stop等動(dòng)詞后既可跟to-不定式又可跟動(dòng)名 詞，須根據(jù)其習(xí)慣用法和語(yǔ)境進(jìn)行取舍。例如（MET91）： — The light in the office is still on. — Oh, I forgot____. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 答案是C。forget to do意為“忘了做（某事）”，forget doing“忘了做過(guò)（某事）”； remember有類似的區(qū)別。類似的還有：try to do“盡力做”，try doing“試著做”；regret to say /tell“很遺憾地說(shuō)”，regret doing“后悔做了……”；mean to do“意欲/ 想要做”，mean doing“意味著做”；stop to do“停下來(lái)做”，stop doing“停止做”。又如（上海高考題95）： The little time we have together we try____ wisely. A. spending it B. to spend it C. to spend D. spending that 答案是C，意思是“盡量過(guò)得（有意義）”。題中的The little time we have together是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，spend作不及物動(dòng)詞。97年的上海高考題中也有一道類似的題。 六．習(xí)慣上我們說(shuō)make / see / hear sb. do sth.，但當(dāng)這些結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞do前要帶上to。例如（MET95）： Paul doesn’t have to be made____ .He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 答案是B。但see, hear, notice等 的賓語(yǔ)后還可跟現(xiàn)在分詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，變成被動(dòng)態(tài)時(shí)仍保留分詞的形式。例如（94MET）： The missing boys were last seen ____ near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play (答案：A) 七．不定式短語(yǔ)。在某些情況下不定式前可以帶一個(gè)連接代（副）詞，這種不定式結(jié)構(gòu)接近一個(gè)名詞從句，常用在某些動(dòng)詞如tell, know, show, decide, teach, learn, discuss, wonder, remember, explain, find out等或某些介詞短語(yǔ)后作賓語(yǔ)。例如（NMET2000）： I’ve worked with children before, so I know what ____ in my new job. A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects 答案是B，what to expect在句中作know的賓語(yǔ)，而what作不定式to expect的邏輯賓語(yǔ)。 又如（NMET’02）： It is sadi in Australia there is more land than the government knows ____. A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it 答案是C。what to do with it作knows的賓語(yǔ)。須注意的是，與do with搭配時(shí)，這里what 作do的賓語(yǔ)，it作with的賓語(yǔ)。此外，這種不定式短語(yǔ)也可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。例如： How to deal with the pollution has caused the whole society’s attention.（作主語(yǔ)） The question is how to put the plan into practice.作表語(yǔ)） She was at a loss (as to) what to do.（作狀語(yǔ)） 八．有的動(dòng)詞習(xí)慣上要用帶to的不定式作賓語(yǔ)，如ask, want, decide, promise, hope, expect, agree, refuse, manage, persuade, wish, intend, learn, pretend, fail等。例如（MET95）： We agreed____ here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet. A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met 答案是C。但有些動(dòng)詞后須跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。平時(shí)應(yīng)注意區(qū)別，加強(qiáng)記憶。 九．不定式的主要用法之一是在句中作狀語(yǔ)，表目的、原因、結(jié)果和條件。這類考題常以分詞作為干擾項(xiàng)（注意分詞不能表目的、結(jié)果和條件）。例如（上海高考題99）： — Mum, why do you always make me eat an egg every day? — ____ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up. A. Get B. Getting C. To get D. To be getting 答案是C。不定式短語(yǔ)在句中作目的狀語(yǔ)，這是不定式作狀語(yǔ)的主要用法和考點(diǎn)。還須注意in order to與so as to的用法區(qū)別，兩者都表“目的”，但so as to不能用于句首。表原因、結(jié)果和條件的用法也不可忽視。其用法特點(diǎn)見(jiàn)以下各例： He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.（表結(jié)果，有時(shí)可不用only） I’m sorry to hear the unexpected result.（表原因） One will get into trouble to attempt such a business(= if he attempts such… ).（表?xiàng)l件）。 十．不定式還可以在句中作定語(yǔ)：與分詞作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別在于，過(guò)去分詞有完成含義，現(xiàn)在分詞表進(jìn)行意義，而不定式表將來(lái)的行為或狀態(tài)。例如（上海高考題98）： To fetch water before breakfast seemed to me a rule_____. A. to never break B. never to be broken C. never to have broken D. never to be breaking 答案是B，在句中作定語(yǔ)；由于a rule是不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)，所以不定式用了被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。又如（上海高考題99）： There are five pairs____, but I’m at a loss which to buy. A. to be chosen B. to choose from C. to choose D. for choosing 答案是B，這是“不定式 + 介詞”作定語(yǔ)。單從語(yǔ)法看，A、B、C都可以；但題意是“從五雙中選一雙”，故須在choose后加上介詞from。類似的如a chair to sit in, a pen to write with, a topic to talk about等。這是考生值得注意的一個(gè)語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象。 不定式還可在句中作主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)等。由于它們的用法較簡(jiǎn)單，通常不是考查的重點(diǎn)。但要注意不定式作主語(yǔ)和目的狀語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別。例如： To get up early does good to one’s health.早起對(duì)身體有好處。（作主語(yǔ)） To get up early, one must go to bed early.為了早起，必須早睡。（作目的狀語(yǔ)） |
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