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動(dòng)詞不定式的十大考點(diǎn)

 圖書(shū)戰(zhàn)士 2011-08-03

動(dòng)詞不定式的十大考點(diǎn)

2011-04-23 07:43:34|  分類: 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 |  標(biāo)簽: |字號(hào) 訂閱

動(dòng)詞不定式是高考英語(yǔ)中的主要考點(diǎn)之一,每年都有一道以上的考題,其中95年就有4道。不定式考點(diǎn)主要包括以下十大類。
一.不定式的時(shí)態(tài)。這類考題最多,MET93、NMET97、99和上海高考題98中各有一
題,且都是有關(guān)不定式完成態(tài)的試題。例如(NMET99):
Robert is said____ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in.
A.      to have studied  B. to study  C. to be studying  D. to have been studying
答案是A。不定式的時(shí)態(tài)一般包括三種:一般式、完成式和進(jìn)行式。一般式表示的動(dòng)作通常與謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))同時(shí)(或幾乎同時(shí))發(fā)生,或在其后發(fā)生;如果動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前,就要用完成式;同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí),則用進(jìn)行式;如果所說(shuō)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前,且一直還在繼續(xù),還須用完成進(jìn)行式。不定式的完成式常用在be said, be reported, be considered, appear, hope, pretend, seem等以及某些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后,表示對(duì)過(guò)去事情的推斷或虛擬假設(shè),例如(NMET97):
I would love____ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
A. to go   B. to have gone  C. going  D. having gone
答案是B,表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬愿望。題干中的last night是選擇判斷的依據(jù)。不定式的進(jìn)行式也是一個(gè)值得注意的考點(diǎn)。例如:
When I went in, he pretended ____ a newspaper.
A. to read    B. to be reading    C. reading    D. to have read    (答案.:B)
二.不定式的語(yǔ)態(tài)。當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是其動(dòng)作承受者時(shí),通常要用被動(dòng)式。不定式
的被動(dòng)式在句中可作主、賓、表、定、狀語(yǔ)及賓補(bǔ)等。例如(NMET’02):
Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains ____ whether they will enjoy it.
A. to see    B. to be seen    C. seeing    D. seen
答案是B。因?yàn)椴欢ㄊ降倪壿嬛髡Z(yǔ)it(指出國(guó)旅游這件事)與不定式是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,所以要用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。又如(MET’92):
Little Tom would love____ to the theatre this evening
A. to be taken    B. to take    C. being taken    D. taking
答案是A。除了根據(jù)語(yǔ)境外,還可從take是及物動(dòng)詞,而后面無(wú)賓語(yǔ)這個(gè)語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象加以判斷(這一點(diǎn)非常重要)。又如(上海高考題98):
He claimed ____ in the supermarket when he was doing shopping yesterday.
A. being badly treated    B. treating badly
C. to be treated badly     D. to have been badly treated
根據(jù)題意,本題該用不定式的完成被動(dòng)式,表動(dòng)作發(fā)生在claimed之前,故答案是D。
值得注意的是,在下列場(chǎng)合通常用不定式的主動(dòng)式表被動(dòng)意義:
1.  當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)以動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者的身份出現(xiàn)在句中時(shí)。例如:
We still have many difficulties to overcome in our socialist construction.
2.在“be + 形容詞 + 不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如:
The future is hard to tell.
3.在be to let / blame / seek等習(xí)慣用法中,例如:
It is I who am to blame.
Are these umbrellas to let?
三.不定式的否定式。其基本形式是not to do, 即疑問(wèn)副詞not必須置于整個(gè)不定
式結(jié)構(gòu)之前。95、96和99三年都有這樣的考題。例如(NMET96):
The patient was warned____ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat    B. eating not    C. not to eat    D. not eating
答案是C。這道題并不難,只要熟悉其否定式和warn sb.(not) to do sth.這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)就能做。
四.不定式的省略。有時(shí)不定式符號(hào)to可用來(lái)代表整個(gè)不定式短語(yǔ),如果前面有一
個(gè)類似的動(dòng)詞詞組。例如(MET95):
— I’ll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat?
— Not at all,____ .
A. I’ve no time    B. I’d rather not    C. I’d like it    D. I’d be happy to
答案是D。to后省略了look after。不定式的省略現(xiàn)象,常出現(xiàn)在某些表心理或情感狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞如want, wish, hope, expect, love, hate, know, suppose, care, prefer, mean等及動(dòng)詞ask tell, try, need等后,以及某些半助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞be to, be about to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to等之后。有時(shí),不定式符號(hào)to也可一并省略:
1.  作某些動(dòng)詞如like, try等的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)。
You can stay at home or go out, In a word, you can do whatever you like.
2.當(dāng)不會(huì)引起歧義,例如作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)??墒?。
If you use the computer to learn more knowledge, I’ll allow you.
3.不定式帶有修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)。
I dare not tell him the truth though I’d like very much.
但在下列情況to需要保留或重復(fù):
(1)    當(dāng)一個(gè)不定式或另一個(gè)不定式進(jìn)行對(duì)比時(shí)。例如(NMET99):
The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _____ it more difficult.
A. not make     B. not to make    C. not making   D. do not doing (答案:B)
(2)    一般而言,在否定結(jié)構(gòu)中to必須保留。例如(NMET95):
The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _____.
A. not to     B. not to do     C. not do it     D. do not to
(3) 當(dāng)句中有系列不定式時(shí)。例如:
They have come to talk, to sing , to get drunk.
五.Forget, remember, try, regret, mean, stop等動(dòng)詞后既可跟to-不定式又可跟動(dòng)名
詞,須根據(jù)其習(xí)慣用法和語(yǔ)境進(jìn)行取舍。例如(MET91):
— The light in the office is still on.
— Oh, I forgot____.
A. turning it off    B. turn it off    C. to turn it off    D. having turned it off
答案是C。forget to do意為“忘了做(某事)”,forget doing“忘了做過(guò)(某事)”; remember有類似的區(qū)別。類似的還有:try to do“盡力做”,try doing“試著做”;regret to say /tell“很遺憾地說(shuō)”,regret doing“后悔做了……”;mean to do“意欲/ 想要做”,mean doing“意味著做”;stop to do“停下來(lái)做”,stop doing“停止做”。又如(上海高考題95):
The little time we have together we try____ wisely.
A. spending it    B. to spend it    C. to spend    D. spending that
答案是C,意思是“盡量過(guò)得(有意義)”。題中的The little time we have together是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,spend作不及物動(dòng)詞。97年的上海高考題中也有一道類似的題。
    六.習(xí)慣上我們說(shuō)make / see / hear sb. do sth.,但當(dāng)這些結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)態(tài)時(shí),作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞do前要帶上to。例如(MET95):
Paul doesn’t have to be made____ .He always works hard.
A. learn    B. to learn    C. learned    D. learning
答案是B。但see, hear, notice等 的賓語(yǔ)后還可跟現(xiàn)在分詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ),變成被動(dòng)態(tài)時(shí)仍保留分詞的形式。例如(94MET):
The missing boys were last seen ____ near the river.
A. playing    B. to be playing    C. play    D. to play     (答案:A)
七.不定式短語(yǔ)。在某些情況下不定式前可以帶一個(gè)連接代(副)詞,這種不定式結(jié)構(gòu)接近一個(gè)名詞從句,常用在某些動(dòng)詞如tell, know, show, decide, teach, learn, discuss, wonder, remember, explain, find out等或某些介詞短語(yǔ)后作賓語(yǔ)。例如(NMET2000):
I’ve worked with children before, so I know what ____ in my new job.
A. expected    B. to expect    C. to be expecting    D. expects
答案是B,what to expect在句中作know的賓語(yǔ),而what作不定式to expect的邏輯賓語(yǔ)。
又如(NMET’02):
    It is sadi in Australia there is more land than the government knows ____.
    A. it what to do with    B. what to do it with
C. what to do with it    D. to do what with it
答案是C。what to do with it作knows的賓語(yǔ)。須注意的是,與do with搭配時(shí),這里what
作do的賓語(yǔ),it作with的賓語(yǔ)。此外,這種不定式短語(yǔ)也可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。例如:
How to deal with the pollution has caused the whole society’s attention.(作主語(yǔ))
The question is how to put the plan into practice.作表語(yǔ))
She was at a loss (as to) what to do.(作狀語(yǔ))
八.有的動(dòng)詞習(xí)慣上要用帶to的不定式作賓語(yǔ),如ask, want, decide, promise, hope, expect, agree, refuse, manage, persuade, wish, intend, learn, pretend, fail等。例如(MET95):
We agreed____ here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.
A. having met    B. meeting    C. to meet    D. to have met
答案是C。但有些動(dòng)詞后須跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。平時(shí)應(yīng)注意區(qū)別,加強(qiáng)記憶。
九.不定式的主要用法之一是在句中作狀語(yǔ),表目的、原因、結(jié)果和條件。這類考題常以分詞作為干擾項(xiàng)(注意分詞不能表目的、結(jié)果和條件)。例如(上海高考題99):
—     Mum, why do you always make me eat an egg every day?
—     ____ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up.
A. Get    B. Getting    C. To get    D. To be getting
答案是C。不定式短語(yǔ)在句中作目的狀語(yǔ),這是不定式作狀語(yǔ)的主要用法和考點(diǎn)。還須注意in order to與so as to的用法區(qū)別,兩者都表“目的”,但so as to不能用于句首。表原因、結(jié)果和條件的用法也不可忽視。其用法特點(diǎn)見(jiàn)以下各例:
He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.(表結(jié)果,有時(shí)可不用only)
I’m sorry to hear the unexpected result.(表原因)
One will get into trouble to attempt such a business(= if he attempts such… ).(表?xiàng)l件)。
十.不定式還可以在句中作定語(yǔ):與分詞作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別在于,過(guò)去分詞有完成含義,現(xiàn)在分詞表進(jìn)行意義,而不定式表將來(lái)的行為或狀態(tài)。例如(上海高考題98):
To fetch water before breakfast seemed to me a rule_____.
A. to never break           B. never to be broken
C. never to have broken     D. never to be breaking
答案是B,在句中作定語(yǔ);由于a rule是不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ),所以不定式用了被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。又如(上海高考題99):
There are five pairs____, but I’m at a loss which to buy.
A. to be chosen    B. to choose from    C. to choose    D. for choosing
答案是B,這是“不定式 + 介詞”作定語(yǔ)。單從語(yǔ)法看,A、B、C都可以;但題意是“從五雙中選一雙”,故須在choose后加上介詞from。類似的如a chair to sit in, a pen to write with, a topic to talk about等。這是考生值得注意的一個(gè)語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象。
不定式還可在句中作主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)等。由于它們的用法較簡(jiǎn)單,通常不是考查的重點(diǎn)。但要注意不定式作主語(yǔ)和目的狀語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別。例如:
To get up early does good to one’s health.早起對(duì)身體有好處。(作主語(yǔ))
To get up early, one must go to bed early.為了早起,必須早睡。(作目的狀語(yǔ)) 

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